Western Europe & some Russia
1750 - 1914
P:
- After Napoleon’s invasions in 1812, european leaders fought to protect their power from Enlightenment ideals
- Tsars were conservative intellectuals that remained connected with Western trends
- Conservatism and the lack of a middle class helped Russia avoid the revolutions in European in 1830 and 1848
- Polish nationalism in 1831 was suppressed
- Russia supported Balkan nationalism to weaken the Turks The Emancipation of the Serfs did not give the serfs any political freedom and peasant uprisings continued due to harsh conditions
- In the 1860s and 1870s Alexander II began military reforms, improved law codes, and created zemstoves, local political councils. Zemstoves had no influence on national policies. After the 1860s, ethnic minorities began demand for national recognition.
- Peasant unrest was increased by taxes, population pressure, and recurrent famines. Business and professional people wanted more personal and political rights
- In western Europe there was constitutional monarchies and rivalries between nations
E:
- Russia’s economy remained agrarian, falling behind the industrialized west
- Stricter labor obligations were imposed on the serfs as to increase production.
- Their defeat in the Crimean War (1854-1856) reflected how far Russia had fallen behind the west even after defeat of Napoleon’s forces
- Convinced by the Crimean war that reform was needed, Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861. The serfs however, were tied to their villages until they paid for the land they received. This, along with high taxes kept former serfs poor.
- While the emancipation created a larger workforce, it did not encourage agricultural productivity.
- Industrialization was part of the pattern of reform. The state played an important role in capital formation and investment, since Russia lacked a middle class.
- In the 1870s, a railway system was created.
- allowed for more efficient use of Russia’s natural resources and shipped grain to the west, helping to finance industrialization.
- By the 1880s factories were developing in major cities.
- Mercantilism really took off in Western Europe as well as the mass production of goods and global trade
R:
- In Western Europe there were protestant religions
- Russian Orthodox
- Catholics, mostly in Western Ukraine
- Protestantism was not widely practiced there
S:
- 1860s and 1870s some women gained access to higher education and professions
- middle class was not significant
- Russia remained a traditional peasant society
- In western Europe enlighten ideas gave women a rise
- There was an end of slave trade
- Racism still existed
I:
- 1860s and 1870s literacy increased and a market for popular reading material developed
- During the late 19th century scientists such as Mendel and Pavlov advanced in genetics and physiology
- In Western Europe the Industrial Revolution was occurring
- mass production with products
- technology was getting more advanced
A:
- During the late 19th century eastern Europe and Russia had a period of cultural productivity.
- Russian novelists and music composers gained fame
- beginning of modernization in Western Europe
- art was mostly abstract art, cubism, impressionism
N:
- Located in Eastern Europe and covering over 6.5 million sq miles, Russia stretches from the arctic islands in the Barents Sea Caucasus Mountains in the southern border
- Russia consists of vast plains in the west and north and mountains in the south and east
- Russia is rich in natural resources and has a harsh climate
Sources:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/the-russian-empire-1750-1900/deck/5939588
http://www.historyhaven.com/joomla2/index.php/1750-to-1900
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/russia-1750s-1900s
Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer
http://www.historyhaven.com/joomla2/index.php/1750-to-1900
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/russia-1750s-1900s
Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer
Jada Black