Monumental Architecture and Urban Planning: Defensive Walls
Defensive walls are walls or buildings built to protect a city or settlement from enemies. Some defensive walls were build to keep out flooding like the Indus Valley Civilization. By about 3500 B.C., hundreds of small farming villages were right by the Indus floodplain. Many of these settlements had walls and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of Kot Diji were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, because neighboring communities argued constantly about the control of the main agricultural land.
Mundigak (c. 2500 B.C.) in present day south-east Afghanistan has defensive walls and square bastions of sun dried bricks.
Uruk in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia) is one of the world's oldest known walled cities.
http://www.crystalinks.com/Fortress.html
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Defensive_wall.html
http://www.education.com/study-help/article/structure-early-civilizations/?page=3
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Defensive_wall.html
http://www.education.com/study-help/article/structure-early-civilizations/?page=3
Charlene Wilts